• PuTTYgen, part of the open source network networking client PuTTY, is a crucial generating tool to create public and private SSH keys for servers.The native file format of PuTTY is.ppk files. Additionally, the tool is used for SSH connectivity. So users can use PuTTY to connect and securely transfer data from localhost to remote system.
• Obviously I cannot simply use the ASCII string in the ssh-keygen.pub key file as it is in SSH file format or I perhaps SubjectPublicKeyInfo structure. Here's the key gen code: ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 1024 -C 'Test Key' I found a converter in php on the web which will convert the contents of the public key into a base64 PEM ASCII string format.

1. How To Generate Pem File
2. Generate Pem File Openssl
3. Linux Generate Pem File

Oct 25, 2019  Common OpenSSL Commands with Keys and Certificates - openssl.md. Openssl req -sha256 -new -key private.pem -out csr.pem Generate RSA private key (2048 bit) and a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) with a single command. Openssl x509 -inform der -in certificate.cer -out certificate.pem Convert a PEM file to DER.

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With a secure shell (SSH) key pair, you can create virtual machines (VMs) in Azure that use SSH keys for authentication, eliminating the need for passwords to sign in. This article shows you how to quickly generate and use an SSH public-private key file pair for Linux VMs. You can complete these steps with the Azure Cloud Shell, a macOS or Linux host, the Windows Subsystem for Linux, and other tools that support OpenSSH.

Note

VMs created using SSH keys are by default configured with passwords disabled, which greatly increases the difficulty of brute-force guessing attacks.

For more background and examples, see Detailed steps to create SSH key pairs.

For additional ways to generate and use SSH keys on a Windows computer, see How to use SSH keys with Windows on Azure.

Supported SSH key formats

Azure currently supports SSH protocol 2 (SSH-2) RSA public-private key pairs with a minimum length of 2048 bits. Other key formats such as ED25519 and ECDSA are not supported.

Create an SSH key pair

Use the ssh-keygen command to generate SSH public and private key files. By default, these files are created in the ~/.ssh directory. You can specify a different location, and an optional password (passphrase) to access the private key file. If an SSH key pair with the same name exists in the given location, those files are overwritten.

The following command creates an SSH key pair using RSA encryption and a bit length of 4096:

If you use the Azure CLI to create your VM with the az vm create command, you can optionally generate SSH public and private key files using the --generate-ssh-keys option. The key files are stored in the ~/.ssh directory unless specified otherwise with the --ssh-dest-key-path option. The --generate-ssh-keys option will not overwrite existing key files, instead returning an error. In the following command, replace VMname and RGname with your own values:

Provide an SSH public key when deploying a VM

To create a Linux VM that uses SSH keys for authentication, specify your SSH public key when creating the VM using the Azure portal, Azure CLI, Azure Resource Manager templates, or other methods:

If you're not familiar with the format of an SSH public key, you can display your public key with the following cat command, replacing ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub with the path and filename of your own public key file if needed:

A typical public key value looks like this example:

If you copy and paste the contents of the public key file to use in the Azure portal or a Resource Manager template, make sure you don't copy any trailing whitespace. To copy a public key in macOS, you can pipe the public key file to pbcopy. Similarly in Linux, you can pipe the public key file to programs such as xclip.

The public key that you place on your Linux VM in Azure is by default stored in ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub, unless you specified a different location when you created the key pair. To use the Azure CLI 2.0 to create your VM with an existing public key, specify the value and optionally the location of this public key using the az vm create command with the --ssh-key-values option. In the following command, replace VMname, RGname, and keyFile with your own values:

If you want to use multiple SSH keys with your VM, you can enter them in a space-separated list, like this --ssh-key-values sshkey-desktop.pub sshkey-laptop.pub.

SSH into your VM

With the public key deployed on your Azure VM, and the private key on your local system, SSH into your VM using the IP address or DNS name of your VM. In the following command, replace azureuser and myvm.westus.cloudapp.azure.com with the administrator user name and the fully qualified domain name (or IP address):

If you specified a passphrase when you created your key pair, enter that passphrase when prompted during the login process. The VM is added to your ~/.ssh/known_hosts file, and you won't be asked to connect again until either the public key on your Azure VM changes or the server name is removed from ~/.ssh/known_hosts.

If the VM is using the just-in-time access policy, you need to request access before you can connect to the VM. For more information about the just-in-time policy, see Manage virtual machine access using the just in time policy.

Next steps

• For more information on working with SSH key pairs, see Detailed steps to create and manage SSH key pairs.

• If you have difficulties with SSH connections to Azure VMs, see Troubleshoot SSH connections to an Azure Linux VM.

This is a brief guide to creating a public/private key pair that can be used for OpenSSL.While the 'easy' version will work, I find it convenient to generate a single PEM bundleand then export the private/public key from that as needed. This document also covers howto add and remove a password from your private key and how to make sure that keychainwill automatically unlock it when you sign in.

Just make it work

Generate an ssh key-pair:

If you just pound enter through the setup procedure then you will end up with a new keypair created in the default location: /Users/yourname/.ssh/. There will be two files:

• id_rsa This is your private key, you must keep it secret and never allow anybodyelse to gain control of it. Treat this key like a password, keep it safe and makea backup copy. You can add it to keychain using ssh-add -K ~/.ssh/id_rsa.

• id_rsa.pub This is your public key, you can share it freely. This part of the keyis used during authentication to encode a message which can only be decoded with theprivate key. It cannot be used to derive the private key so there is no risk insharing it.

When a server administrator asks for a copy of your public key, send them a copy of theid_rsa.pub file. They'll be able to add it to your user account's list of authorizedkeys and that will enable you to log in without typing a password.

Doing it the hard way

This method involves creating the keys as a bundle, exporting the public key andmanually setting the permssions on all of the paths. You'll also have to configureOpenSSH to use your new bundle for authentication.

A summary of the steps follows:

Rational

I prefer to generate a certificate using OpenSSL directly, then export the private orpublic-key in the necessary format as needed. The benefits to this appraoch are three-fold:

1. This is a process similar to the one you'd use to generate certificates used forother tasks like S/MIME or to become part of a signed certificate for HTTPS.
2. There is a single certificate file from which you can derive the private or publickey in whichever format you need. It's much easier to manage one key than two, oreven several if you require the key in different formats.
3. You gain control over the key length, encryption method, and algorithm so that youcan consciously decide to use weaker keys for old/slow hardware (e.g. the RaspberryPi media server in your closet) and strong but slower keys where appropriate.

Default software and Mac OS X

In order to generate the key I prefer to use OpenSSL directly rather than the ssh-keygen tool.While it is possible to provide flags to ssh-keygen using OpenSSL gives us access to optionsthat are not avaiable in the standard Mac OS X version of SSH but doesn't require us to buildthe SSH client from scratch.

Update OpenSSL

Unfortunately the version of OpenSSL that ships with Mac OS x is rather dated and so it'smissing some of the features of the latest versions. One of those features is the genpkeycommand which is the new recommended way to generate keys. Assuming you have Homebrewinstalled (see: https://brew.sh) you can install an up-to-date version of OpenSSL with:

Many packages that you install with homebrew are likely to depend on OpenSSL anyway so thisis not a terrible idea even if you don't care about using OpenSSL directly.

Updating OpenSSH

If you're interested in rebuilding openssh you should link against LibreSSL sothat passwords can be installed in your keychain.

This is a relatively new option and caution should be taken because compatibilitymay not be perfect. LibreSSL is not intended to be a 1:1 replacement for OpenSSL.

It appears that just building OpenSSH will not have it request key information fromthe Mac OS X keychain, nor will it automatically start SSH-Agent so there may besome trouble-shooting steps required if you prefer to go this path. I do not builda new version of SSH.

Creating directories

OpenSSH requires that keys be stored in ~/.ssh and that path must be restrictedso that only the user can access it. It also requires that any identify files beaccessible only by the user too. Permssions for ~/.ssh/config can be more relaxedbut it is good practice to keep those private so as not to leak inforamtion aboutuser names or servers you connect to.

Create the directories by running:

While this will create the directory you will have to modify the default permissions.Read/write/execute for the owner and no access for any other user is required. Recall,the execute flag on a directory allows you to view its content.

You might want to create an empty ssh config file and set appropriatepermissions so that you don't have to remember how to do it later whenthere's some problem and you are half-asleep, drunk, and responding to aPagerDuty alert.

You can save a few copy steps if you're following this guide by changinginto your ssh path for the remaining steps:

Generating keys

The first step to generating keys is to create the bundle using OpenSSL. Thisapproach allows us to specify a few extra options when creating keys that arenormally hidden by ssh-keygen:

The options: are

• genpkey is the new command for generating keys, it supercedes the oldgenrsa method. Mac OS X's default OpenSSL does not have this command sobuilding your own version is required.

• -algorith rsa uses the RSA algorithm for the key and is recommended formaximum compatibility. Other options include ECDSA, which is lesscomputationally intensive on very low-end hardware (e.g. 50 MHz ARM) andDH which has characteristics similar to RSA but is rarely used.

• -aes-256-cbc is the cypher used to encrypt the bundle and causes the userto be prompted for a password. There are a number of available ciphers butAES-256-cbc is among the stronger options available and widely used too.

• -outform PEM there are several output formats that you can use but PEM iswidely used by open source software and tends to be the best supported. Theformat is also nicely encoded so that you can debug with any text editor andhas the advantage of bundling the public and private key into a single filewhich makes them easier to move around. You can always output the public orprivate key from a PEM bundle that contains both.

• -pkey_opt … can be specified multiple times and supplies options to thegeneration function. This can be specified multiple times to suplly severaloptions

  • rsa_keygen_bits:4096 sets the length of the keys produced. 1024 bits isgenerally considered the absolute minimum for secure communication todaythough there is some concern that they will be broken for well-fundedattackers in the near future so 2048 bits is recommended where possible.Longer keys provide greater security however there is diminishing returnsas key length increases. Also, increasing the key length also increasescomputational costs exponentially (by the cube of the change, so 2048 is8x more demanding than 1024-bit). You may want to use smaller keys forslower hardware or if you find yourself frequently reconnecting due to badconnections during a session for better performance.

• -out yourname.pem defines the output file for your bundle. You should storea copy of this certificate in ~/.ssh so that it can be used to authenticatessh sessions. The file must not be accessible to other users on the system soset the permissions accordingly. You should also store the file and thepassword somewhere safe (like in your password vault or on a USB drive in asafe deposit box).

When generating the key you will be prompted for a password. Make sure to use a verystrong, unique, random password for this file. You won't have to type it in regularlyso generate it with your password vault. In a pinch you can generate a random passwordusing OpenSSL via: openssl rand -base64 48.

When the bundle has been generated, copy it to your~/.ssh folder and change itspermissions accordingly:

I prefer to make the bundle read-only for my user so I never accidentally edit it orstrip the password. chmod 0600 ~/.ssh/yourname.pem would also work if you don't mindit being editable by your user.

Extracting the public key

You'll want to be able to send the public key to other people and leave it on othercomputers without risking your private key. The easiest way to export your publickey is using the ssh-keygen method which prints it to standard out.

You can always redirect that to a file if you want to send it via email or copy itvia SFTP. Generally I prefer not to keep a copy of my public keys on disk so that I amjustified in always treating ~/.ssh as a secret.

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Configuring OpenSSH

Remember to either edit your ~/.ssh/config to specify this bundle as the defaultidentify file by adding the line:

Alternatively you can specify it on a host-by-host basis by using ssh command-lineoptions: ssh -i ~/.ssh/yourname.pem example.com -l someuser. When you areprompted for a password, remember that you should enter the one used when creatingthe bundle, not the log-in password for your computer or the remote system you areconnecting to.

Finally, you should consider adding the key to your Mac OX X keychain using:

This will store the password in the login Keychain which is unlocked automaticallywhenever you sign in. Storing your password this way means you won't have to re-typethe password you used when creating the bundle in order to use it.

Using ssh -i ~/.ssh/yourname.pem foo.example.com will also add your key to Keychain.

Public Keys and Github.com

It's a good idea to add your public key to github.com so that you can pull from privaterepositories and push changes to your public repositories. You can do this at:

Once you've uploaded your public key, other users can download it by going to

For example, my public key is located here: https://github.com/colinstein.keys

You may want to create different key-pairs for different repositories or organizationsand then use ~/.ssh/config and local .gitconfig files ot manage those relationships.

After generating keys in the above manner for each github account you can configuressh by editing ~/.ssh/config and adding entries like the following for each account:

How To Generate Pem File

When cloing a repository you would then clone from the appropriate host:

Generate Pem File Openssl

You can also edit the existing git remote by editing the .gitconfig insidethe checked out repository:

Linux Generate Pem File

Git also provides a number of ways to configure SSH via git config andgit remote add foo git@github.com-foo:somegithubuser/somerepo.git. A fullrun through of those options is well outside the scope of this gist.