How Does Apple Generate An Encryption Keys

  1. How Does Apple Generate An Encryption Keys In Windows 10
  2. Does Encryption Make Files Bigger
  3. How Does Apple Generate An Encryption Keys In Iphone
  4. How Does Apple Generate An Encryption Keys In Excel

Secure your communications with APNs using stateless authentication tokens.

Overview

Token-based authentication offers a stateless way to communicate with APNs. Stateless communication is faster than certificate-based communication because it does not require APNs to look up the certificate, or other information, related to your provider server. There are other advantages to using token-based authentication:

  • You can use the same token from multiple provider servers.

  • You can use one token to distribute notifications for all of your company’s apps.

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Token-based requests are slightly larger than certificate-based requests because each request contains the token. You must also update and encrypt your tokens at least once an hour using the provider token signing key that Apple provides you.

Obtain an Encryption Key and Key ID from Apple

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You need an APNs authentication token signing key to generate the tokens used by your server. You request this key from your developer account on developer.apple.com, as shown in Figure 1.

When you request a key, Apple gives you:

  • A 10-character string with the Key ID. You must include this string in your JSON tokens.

  • An authentication token signing key, specified as a text file (with a .p8 file extension).

Secure both pieces of information carefully. You will use the authentication token signing key to encrypt your JSON tokens, so this key must remain private to prevent anyone else from generating those tokens.

Important

If you suspect that your authentication token signing key has been compromised, revoke it and request a new one. (You revoke the key from your developer account on developer.apple.com in the same place where you created it.) For maximum security, close all of your existing HTTP/2 connections to APNs and establish new connections before making new requests.

For detailed instructions on how to request an authentication token signing key, see Communicate with APNs using authentication tokens in Xcode Help.

Create and Encrypt Your JSON Token

The token that you include with your notification requests uses the JSON Web Token (JWT) specification. The token itself contains four key-value pairs, which are described in Table 1.

The keys are divided between the header and claims payload of the JSON Web Token. The header of the token contains the encryption algorithm and Key ID, and the claims payload contains your Team ID and the token generation time. Listing 1 shows an example of a JSON token for a fictional developer account.

Important

If the value in the iat field is more than one hour old, APNs rejects any notifications containing the token, returning an ExpiredProviderToken(403) error.

Encrypt the resulting JSON data using your authentication token signing key and the specified algorithm. Your provider server must include the resulting encrypted data with all notification requests.

For detailed information about the JWT specification, see https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7519. For additional information about JWT, along with a list of available libraries for generating signed JWTs, see https://jwt.io.

Attach Your Token to Notification Requests

When creating the POST request for a notification, include your encrypted token in the authorization header of your request. The token is in Base64URL-encoded JWT format, and is specified as bearer <token data>, as shown in the following example:

For information about how to construct your POST requests, see Sending Notification Requests to APNs.

Refresh Your Token Regularly

For security, APNs requires you to refresh your token regularly. Refresh your token no more than once every 20 minutes and no less than once every 60 minutes. APNs rejects any request whose token contains a timestamp that is more than one hour old. Similarly, APNs reports an error if you recreate your tokens more than once every 20 minutes.

On your provider server, set up a recurring task to recreate your token with a current timestamp. Encrypt the token again and attach it to subsequent notification requests.

See Also

Establishing a Certificate-Based Connection to APNs

Secure your communications with APNs by installing a certificate on your provider server.

Turn on and set up FileVault

FileVault 2 is available in OS X Lion or later. When FileVault is turned on, your Mac always requires that you log in with your account password.

  1. Choose Apple menu () > System Preferences, then click Security & Privacy.
  2. Click the FileVault tab.
  3. Click , then enter an administrator name and password.
  4. Click Turn On FileVault.

If other users have accounts on your Mac, you might see a message that each user must type in their password before they will be able to unlock the disk. For each user, click the Enable User button and enter the user's password. User accounts that you add after turning on FileVault are automatically enabled.

Choose how you want to be able to unlock your disk and reset your password, in case you ever forget your password:

How Does Apple Generate An Encryption Keys In Windows 10

  • If you're using OS X Yosemite or later, you can choose to use your iCloud account to unlock your disk and reset your password.*
  • If you're using OS X Mavericks, you can choose to store a FileVault recovery key with Apple by providing the questions and answers to three security questions. Choose answers that you're sure to remember.*
  • If you don't want to use iCloud FileVault recovery, you can create a local recovery key. Keep the letters and numbers of the key somewhere safe—other than on your encrypted startup disk.

If you lose both your account password and your FileVault recovery key, you won't be able to log in to your Mac or access the data on your startup disk.

Encryption occurs in the background as you use your Mac, and only while your Mac is awake and plugged in to AC power. You can check progress in the FileVault section of Security & Privacy preferences. Any new files that you create are automatically encrypted as they are saved to your startup disk.

When FileVault setup is complete and you restart your Mac, you will use your account password to unlock your disk and allow your Mac to finish starting up. FileVault requires that you log in every time your Mac starts up, and no account is permitted to log in automatically.

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Reset your password or change your FileVault recovery key

If you forget your account password or it doesn't work, you might be able to reset your password.

If you want to change the recovery key used to encrypt your startup disk, turn off FileVault in Security & Privacy preferences. You can then turn it on again to generate a new key and disable all older keys.

Turn off FileVault

Does Encryption Make Files Bigger

If you no longer want to encrypt your startup disk, you can turn off FileVault:

How Does Apple Generate An Encryption Keys In Iphone

  1. Choose Apple menu > System Preferences, then click Security & Privacy.
  2. Click the FileVault tab.
  3. Click , then enter an administrator name and password.
  4. Click Turn Off FileVault.

Decryption occurs in the background as you use your Mac, and only while your Mac is awake and plugged in to AC power. You can check progress in the FileVault section of Security & Privacy preferences.

Learn more

  • Learn how to create and deploy a FileVault recovery key for Mac computers in your company, school, or other institution.
  • If you're using FileVault in Mac OS X Snow Leopard, you can upgrade to FileVault 2 by upgrading to OS X Lion or later. After upgrading OS X, open FileVault preferences and follow the onscreen instructions to upgrade FileVault.
  • RAID partitions or non-standard Boot Camp partitions on the startup drive might prevent OS X from installing a local Recovery System. Without a Recovery System, FileVault won't encrypt your startup drive. Learn more.

How Does Apple Generate An Encryption Keys In Excel

* If you store your recovery key with Apple or your iCloud account, there's no guarantee that Apple will be able to give you the key if you lose or forget it. Not all languages and regions are serviced by AppleCare or iCloud, and not all AppleCare-serviced regions offer support in every language. If you set up your Mac for a language that AppleCare doesn't support, then turn on FileVault and store your key with Apple (OS X Mavericks only), your security questions and answers could be in a language that AppleCare doesn't support.